<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>AURA&#7748GZ&#298B MUH&#298 UD-D&#298N MUHAMMAD &#256LAMG&#298R (1618-1707)</TITLE>਍㰀猀琀礀氀攀 琀礀瀀攀㴀∀琀攀砀琀⼀挀猀猀∀㸀ഀഀ
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<p class="C1">&#65279AURA&#7748GZ&#298B, MUH&#298 UD-D&#298N MUHAMMAD '&#256LAMG&#298R (1618-1707), the last of the great Mu<u>gh</u>al emperors of India, ascended the throne of Delhi on 21 July 1658 after he had gained a decisive victory in the war of succession at S&#257m&#363ga&#7771h, near &#256gr&#257, on 29 May 1658. Aura&#7749gz&#299b's appointment in 1636 as viceroy of the Mu<u>gh</u>al provinces in the Deccan had first brought him into prominence. In 1645, he was transferred to Gujar&#257t. Between 1648 and 1652, he served as governor of Sindh and Mult&#257n. He was next entrusted with the task of recovering Qandah&#257r, taken by the Persians in 1649. In 1653 he was appointed viceroy of the Deccan for the second time and for the next five years he was engaged in constant warfare with the independent states of B&#299j&#257pur and Golco&#7751&#7693&#257.</p>਍㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀ऀ吀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 栀愀氀昀 漀昀 䄀甀爀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最稀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀戀✀猀 氀漀渀最 爀攀椀最渀 眀愀猀 搀攀瘀漀琀攀搀 琀漀 挀漀渀猀漀氀椀搀愀琀椀渀最 栀椀猀 瀀漀眀攀爀 椀渀 渀漀爀琀栀攀爀渀 䤀渀搀椀愀 眀栀椀氀攀 琀栀攀 猀攀挀漀渀搀 栀愀氀昀 眀愀猀 猀瀀攀渀琀 椀渀 琀栀攀 昀爀甀椀琀氀攀猀猀 愀琀琀攀洀瀀琀 琀漀 挀漀渀焀甀攀爀 琀栀攀 䐀攀挀挀愀渀⸀ 䄀 瀀椀漀甀猀 洀愀渀 椀渀 栀椀猀 瀀攀爀猀漀渀愀氀 氀椀昀攀Ⰰ 䄀甀爀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最稀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀戀 眀愀猀 愀渀 漀爀琀栀漀搀漀砀 䴀甀猀氀椀洀⸀ 䠀攀 栀愀搀 眀愀搀攀搀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 愀 爀椀瘀攀爀 漀昀 戀氀漀漀搀 琀漀 爀攀愀挀栀 琀栀攀 琀栀爀漀渀攀 愀渀搀 栀愀搀 椀洀瀀爀椀猀漀渀攀搀 栀椀猀 昀愀琀栀攀爀 愀渀搀 欀椀氀氀攀搀 栀椀猀 漀眀渀 戀爀漀琀栀攀爀猀⸀ 䈀礀 栀椀猀 昀愀渀愀琀椀挀愀氀 爀攀氀椀最椀漀甀猀 瀀漀氀椀挀礀 栀攀 眀椀猀栀攀搀 琀漀 瀀氀攀愀猀攀 琀栀攀 䴀甀猀氀椀洀 漀爀琀栀漀搀漀砀礀 愀渀搀 眀椀渀 爀攀瀀爀椀攀瘀攀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 挀爀椀洀攀猀 栀攀 栀愀搀 挀漀洀洀椀琀琀攀搀 琀漀 最愀椀渀 琀栀攀 挀爀漀眀渀⸀ 䘀漀爀 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 琀攀渀 礀攀愀爀猀 漀昀 栀椀猀 爀攀椀最渀Ⰰ 栀攀 搀椀搀 渀漀琀 昀攀攀氀 猀琀爀漀渀最 攀渀漀甀最栀 琀漀 琀愀欀攀 愀渀礀 搀爀愀猀琀椀挀 猀琀攀瀀猀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 椀渀 ㄀㘀㘀㤀 栀攀 椀猀猀甀攀搀 愀 爀攀猀挀爀椀瀀琀 琀漀 愀氀氀 瀀爀漀瘀椀渀挀椀愀氀 最漀瘀攀爀渀漀爀猀 ∀琀漀 搀攀猀琀爀漀礀 眀椀琀栀 愀 眀椀氀氀椀渀最 栀愀渀搀 琀栀攀 猀挀栀漀漀氀猀 愀渀搀 琀攀洀瀀氀攀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 椀渀昀椀搀攀氀猀 愀渀搀 瀀甀琀 愀渀 攀渀琀椀爀攀 猀琀漀瀀 琀漀 琀栀攀椀爀 爀攀氀椀最椀漀甀猀 瀀爀愀挀琀椀挀攀猀 愀渀搀 琀攀愀挀栀椀渀最⸀ ∀ 䄀洀漀渀最 琀栀攀 洀愀渀礀 爀攀瀀爀攀猀猀椀瘀攀 攀搀椀挀琀猀 椀猀猀甀攀搀 愀最愀椀渀猀琀 琀栀攀 渀漀渀ⴀ䴀甀猀氀椀洀猀 眀愀猀 漀渀攀 瀀爀漀栀椀戀椀琀椀渀最 愀氀氀 䠀椀渀搀甀猀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 攀砀挀攀瀀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 刀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀樀瀀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀琀猀 昀爀漀洀 爀椀搀椀渀最 㰀椀㸀瀀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀欀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀猀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 攀氀攀瀀栀愀渀琀猀 漀爀 琀栀漀爀漀甀最栀ⴀ戀爀攀搀 栀漀爀猀攀猀 愀渀搀 昀爀漀洀 挀愀爀爀礀椀渀最 愀爀洀猀⸀ 䴀漀猀琀 猀琀爀椀渀最攀渀琀 眀愀猀 琀栀攀 椀洀瀀漀猀椀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 椀渀 ㄀㘀㜀㤀Ⰰ 漀昀 㰀椀㸀樀椀稀礀愀栀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 愀 琀愀砀 琀栀攀 渀漀渀ⴀ䴀甀猀氀椀洀猀 栀愀搀 琀漀 瀀愀礀 昀漀爀 瀀攀爀洀椀猀猀椀漀渀 琀漀 氀椀瘀攀 椀渀 愀渀 䤀猀氀愀洀椀挀 匀琀愀琀攀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഀ
<p class="C1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The growing Sikh order had also to bear the brunt of Aura&#7749gz&#299b's policy of intolerance and religious persecution. The seventh Sikh Gur&#363, Har R&#257i, was at Goindv&#257l when D&#257r&#257 Shukoh, heir- apparent to the Mu<u>gh</u>al throne, entered the Punjab fleeing in front of the army of his brother, Aura&#7749gz&#299b, after his defeat in the battle of S&#257m&#363ga&#7771h. At Goindv&#257l, where he arrived in the last week of June 1658, he called on Gur&#363 Har R&#257i, who, as the tradition goes, had once cured him of a serious illness with some rare herbs. Highly coloured stories about D&#257r&#257 Shukoh's meeting with Gur&#363 Har R&#257i were carried to Aura&#7749gz&#299b by his officials who reported to him that Gur&#363 Har R&#257i was a rebel and that he had helped the fugitive prince and further that the Sikh Scripture contained verses derogatory to Islam. Aura&#7749gz&#299b summoned the Gur&#363 to Delhi. As recorded in Santokh Si&#7749gh, <i>Sr&#299 Gur Prat&#257p S&#363raj Granth</i>, Gur&#363 Har R&#257i wondered why he had been called to Delhi: "I rule over no territory. I owe the king no taxes, nor do I want anything from him. There is no connection of teacher and disciple between us, either. Of what avail will this meeting be ?" Gur&#363 Har R&#257i sent his elder son, R&#257m R&#257i, to meet the emperor. R&#257m R&#257i succeeded in winning the confidence of the Emperor, but overreached himself when, to please him, he deliberately misread one of the verses from the Gur&#363 Granth S&#257hib. Aura&#7749gz&#299b decided to keep R&#257m R&#257i in Delhi in the belief that, with the future incumbent of the Gur&#363ship in his power, he would become the arbiter of the destiny of the Sikh people. For garbling the sacred text, Gur&#363 Har R&#257i anathematized R&#257m R&#257i and chose his second son, Har Krishan, as his successor. The investiture of Har Krishan did not please Aura&#7749gz&#299b who summoned the infant Gur&#363 to Delhi, with the intention of arbitrating between his claims and those of his elder brother, R&#257m R&#257i. Gur&#363 Har Krishan arrived in Delhi and was put up at the house of Mirz&#257 R&#257j&#257 Jai Si&#7749gh of Amber. According to the <i>Gur&#363 k&#299&#257n S&#257kh&#299&#257&#7749</i>, Gur&#363 Har Krishan visited the Emperor's court on 25 March 1664, but owing to Aura&#7749gz&#299b's insistence that he show a miracle to prove his holiness he resolved never to see his face again. A few days later, Gur&#363 Har Krishan was stricken with small-pox and he died on 30 March 1664.</p>਍㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀吀栀攀 爀攀猀瀀漀渀猀椀戀椀氀椀琀礀 漀昀 椀渀猀琀爀甀挀琀椀渀最 琀栀攀 匀椀欀栀 挀漀洀洀甀渀椀琀礀 愀渀搀 最甀椀搀椀渀最 椀琀猀 愀昀昀愀椀爀猀 渀漀眀 昀攀氀氀 漀渀 䜀甀爀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀ 吀攀㰀甀㸀最栀㰀⼀甀㸀 䈀愀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀搀甀爀Ⰰ 一☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀愀欀 䤀堀⸀ 䄀猀 爀攀挀漀爀搀攀搀 椀渀 㰀椀㸀䈀栀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㠀㤀☀⌀㜀㜀㠀㤀 嘀愀栀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 吀愀氀愀甀☀⌀㜀㘀㤀㌀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 愀 最爀漀甀瀀 漀昀 䬀愀猀栀洀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀爀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 㰀椀㸀瀀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀☀⌀㜀㘀㤀㌀椀琀猀㰀⼀椀㸀 眀愀椀琀攀搀 漀渀 栀椀洀 愀琀 䄀渀愀渀搀瀀甀爀 漀渀 ㈀㔀 䴀愀礀 ㄀㘀㜀㔀 愀渀搀 挀漀洀瀀氀愀椀渀攀搀 栀漀眀 䤀昀琀椀㰀甀㸀欀栀㰀⼀甀㸀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀 㰀甀㸀䬀栀㰀⼀甀㸀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀Ⰰ 䄀甀爀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最稀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀戀✀猀 猀愀琀爀愀瀀 椀渀 䬀愀猀栀洀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀爀Ⰰ 栀愀搀 戀攀攀渀 洀愀欀椀渀最 昀漀爀挀椀戀氀攀 挀漀渀瘀攀爀猀椀漀渀猀⸀ 䜀甀爀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀ 吀攀㰀甀㸀最栀㰀⼀甀㸀 䈀愀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀搀甀爀 椀猀 猀愀椀搀 琀漀 栀愀瘀攀 愀搀瘀椀猀攀搀 栀椀猀 瘀椀猀椀琀漀爀猀 琀漀 最漀 愀渀搀 琀攀氀氀 琀栀攀 愀甀琀栀漀爀椀琀礀 椀渀 䐀攀氀栀椀 琀栀愀琀 椀昀 栀攀 ⠀䜀甀爀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀ 吀攀㰀甀㸀最栀㰀⼀甀㸀 䈀愀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀搀甀爀⤀ 眀愀猀 挀漀渀瘀攀爀琀攀搀Ⰰ 琀栀攀礀 眀漀甀氀搀 愀氀氀 瘀漀氀甀渀琀愀爀椀氀礀 愀挀挀攀瀀琀 䤀猀氀愀洀⸀ 刀攀猀漀氀瘀攀搀 琀漀 氀愀礀 搀漀眀渀 栀椀猀 氀椀昀攀 琀漀 爀攀搀攀攀洀 昀爀攀攀搀漀洀 漀昀 戀攀氀椀攀昀Ⰰ 䜀甀爀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀ 吀攀㰀甀㸀最栀㰀⼀甀㸀 䈀愀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀搀甀爀 猀攀琀 漀甀琀 昀漀爀 䐀攀氀栀椀⸀ 唀渀搀攀爀 琀栀攀 漀爀搀攀爀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䔀洀瀀攀爀漀爀Ⰰ 栀攀 眀愀猀 琀愀欀攀渀 椀渀琀漀 挀甀猀琀漀搀礀 漀渀 ㄀㈀ 䨀甀氀礀 ㄀㘀㜀㔀 愀琀 䴀愀氀椀欀瀀甀爀 刀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀☀⌀㜀㜀㜀㄀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀Ⰰ 渀攀愀爀 匀椀爀栀椀渀搀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 搀攀猀瀀愀琀挀栀攀搀 琀漀 䐀攀氀栀椀⸀ 䠀攀 眀愀猀 瀀甀琀 椀渀 挀栀愀椀渀猀 愀渀搀 漀渀 栀椀猀 爀攀昀甀猀愀氀 琀漀 爀攀渀漀甀渀挀攀 栀椀猀 昀愀椀琀栀 眀愀猀 戀攀栀攀愀搀攀搀 椀渀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀 椀渀 琀栀攀 䌀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀☀⌀㜀㘀㤀㌀渀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 䌀栀漀眀欀 漀昀 䐀攀氀栀椀 漀渀 ㄀㄀ 一漀瘀攀洀戀攀爀 ㄀㘀㜀㔀Ⰰ 愀昀琀攀爀 琀栀爀攀攀 漀昀 栀椀猀 搀攀瘀漀琀攀搀 搀椀猀挀椀瀀氀攀猀 ⴀ 䈀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 䐀愀礀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀 䐀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀猀Ⰰ 䈀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 䴀愀琀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 䐀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀猀 愀渀搀 䈀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 匀愀琀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 䐀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀猀 ⴀ 栀愀搀 戀攀攀渀 琀漀爀琀甀爀攀搀 琀漀 搀攀愀琀栀 戀攀昀漀爀攀 栀椀猀 攀礀攀猀⸀ 䠀椀猀 猀漀渀Ⰰ 䜀漀戀椀渀搀 刀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀椀 ⠀氀愀琀攀爀 䜀漀戀椀渀搀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀⤀Ⰰ 渀漀眀 猀甀挀挀攀攀搀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 猀瀀椀爀椀琀甀愀氀 琀栀爀漀渀攀 漀昀 䜀甀爀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀ 一☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀愀欀⸀ 䄀甀爀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最稀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀戀 眀愀猀 漀挀挀甀瀀椀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 栀椀猀 挀愀洀瀀愀椀最渀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 匀漀甀琀栀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 栀椀猀 昀攀甀搀愀氀 瘀愀猀猀愀氀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 栀椀氀氀 挀栀椀攀昀琀愀椀渀猀Ⰰ 爀攀猀攀渀琀攀搀 琀栀攀 䜀甀爀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀✀猀 瀀爀攀猀攀渀挀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀椀爀 洀椀搀猀琀⸀ 吀栀攀礀 眀攀爀攀 攀猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀氀礀 愀瘀攀爀猀攀 琀漀 琀栀攀 眀愀礀 琀栀攀 昀漀甀爀 挀愀猀琀攀猀 洀椀渀最氀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 匀椀欀栀 漀爀搀攀爀⸀ 吀栀攀礀 瀀氀漀琀琀攀搀 椀渀 挀漀氀氀甀猀椀漀渀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 氀漀挀愀氀 䴀甀㰀甀㸀最栀㰀⼀甀㸀愀氀 漀昀昀椀挀攀爀猀 愀渀搀 氀攀搀 漀甀琀 愀爀洀椀攀猀 愀最愀椀渀猀琀 䜀甀爀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀ 䜀漀戀椀渀搀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀⸀ 䄀昀琀攀爀 琀栀攀 戀愀琀琀氀攀 漀昀 一愀搀愀甀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀Ⰰ 昀漀甀最栀琀 漀渀 ㈀　 䴀愀爀挀栀 ㄀㘀㤀㄀Ⰰ 椀渀 眀栀椀挀栀 琀栀攀 䴀甀㰀甀㸀最栀㰀⼀甀㸀愀氀 挀漀洀洀愀渀搀攀爀Ⰰ 䄀氀椀昀㰀甀㸀䬀栀㰀⼀甀㸀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀 眀愀猀 搀攀昀攀愀琀攀搀Ⰰ 䄀甀爀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最稀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀戀 漀爀搀攀爀攀搀 栀椀猀㰀椀㸀昀愀甀樀搀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀猀㰀⼀椀㸀椀渀 琀栀攀 倀甀渀樀愀戀 琀漀 爀攀猀琀爀愀椀渀 䜀甀爀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀ 䜀漀戀椀渀搀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 昀爀漀洀 栀漀氀搀椀渀最 愀猀猀攀洀戀氀椀攀猀 漀昀 匀椀欀栀猀 愀渀搀 琀漀 搀攀洀漀氀椀猀栀 栀椀猀 栀攀愀爀琀栀 愀渀搀 栀漀洀攀 愀渀搀 戀愀渀椀猀栀 栀椀洀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 挀漀甀渀琀爀礀 椀昀 栀攀 搀攀瀀愀爀琀攀搀 攀瘀攀爀 猀漀 氀椀琀琀氀攀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 眀愀礀猀 漀昀 愀 㰀椀㸀昀愀焀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀爀㰀⼀椀㸀 愀渀搀 搀椀搀 渀漀琀 挀攀愀猀攀 琀漀 栀愀瘀攀 栀椀洀猀攀氀昀 愀搀搀爀攀猀猀攀搀 愀猀 匀愀挀栀挀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 倀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀搀猀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀栀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 吀爀甀攀 䬀椀渀最⸀ 伀渀 ㄀㌀ 䨀甀氀礀 ㄀㘀㤀㘀Ⰰ 栀攀 猀攀渀琀 栀椀猀 攀氀搀攀猀琀 猀漀渀Ⰰ 䴀甀✀愀稀稀愀洀Ⰰ 眀栀漀 氀愀琀攀爀 猀甀挀挀攀攀搀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 琀栀爀漀渀攀 漀昀 䐀攀氀栀椀 愀猀 䔀洀瀀攀爀漀爀 䈀愀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀搀甀爀 匀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀栀Ⰰ 琀漀 猀攀琀琀氀攀 愀昀昀愀椀爀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 倀甀渀樀愀戀⸀ 䄀渀愀渀搀瀀甀爀 栀愀搀 戀攀攀渀 猀甀戀樀攀挀琀 琀漀 挀漀渀猀琀愀渀琀 爀愀椀搀 愀渀搀 攀渀挀爀漀愀挀栀洀攀渀琀 猀椀渀挀攀 ㄀㜀　　 戀甀琀 琀栀攀 昀椀攀爀挀攀猀琀 漀渀猀氀愀甀最栀琀 洀愀搀攀 眀愀猀 椀渀 ㄀㜀　㔀 眀栀攀渀 琀栀攀 栀椀氀氀 挀栀椀攀昀猀Ⰰ 愀椀搀攀搀 戀礀 䴀甀㰀甀㸀最栀㰀⼀甀㸀愀氀 琀爀漀漀瀀猀 昀爀漀洀 䰀愀栀漀爀攀 愀渀搀 匀椀爀栀椀渀搀Ⰰ 椀渀瘀攀猀琀攀搀 䜀甀爀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀ 䜀漀戀椀渀搀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀✀猀 挀椀琀愀搀攀氀Ⰰ 攀瘀攀渀琀甀愀氀氀礀 昀漀爀挀椀渀最 栀椀洀 琀漀 攀瘀愀挀甀愀琀攀 椀琀 漀渀 㔀ⴀ㘀 䐀攀挀攀洀戀攀爀 ㄀㜀　㔀⸀ 刀攀愀挀栀椀渀最 䐀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀渀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀Ⰰ 愀 瘀椀氀氀愀最攀 椀渀 瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀ⴀ搀愀礀 䘀愀爀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀搀欀漀☀⌀㜀㜀㠀㤀 搀椀猀琀爀椀挀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 倀甀渀樀愀戀Ⰰ 䜀甀爀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀ 䜀漀戀椀渀搀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 眀爀漀琀攀 琀漀 䄀甀爀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最稀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀戀 愀 氀攀琀琀攀爀 椀渀 倀攀爀猀椀愀渀 瘀攀爀猀攀 挀愀氀氀攀搀 㰀椀㸀娀愀昀愀爀渀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀洀愀栀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 䔀瀀椀猀琀氀攀 漀昀 嘀椀挀琀漀爀礀⸀ 䤀琀 眀愀猀 愀 猀攀瘀攀爀攀 椀渀搀椀挀琀洀攀渀琀 漀昀 䄀甀爀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最稀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀戀Ⰰ 眀栀漀 眀愀猀 爀攀瀀攀愀琀攀搀氀礀 甀瀀戀爀愀椀搀攀搀 昀漀爀 戀爀攀愀挀栀 漀昀 昀愀椀琀栀 椀渀 琀栀攀 愀琀琀愀挀欀 洀愀搀攀 戀礀 栀椀猀 琀爀漀漀瀀猀 漀渀 琀栀攀 匀椀欀栀猀 愀昀琀攀爀 琀栀攀礀 栀愀搀 瘀愀挀愀琀攀搀 䄀渀愀渀搀瀀甀爀 漀渀 猀漀氀攀洀渀 愀猀猀甀爀愀渀挀攀 漀昀 猀愀昀攀 瀀愀猀猀愀最攀 最椀瘀攀渀 琀栀攀洀 戀礀 栀椀洀 愀渀搀 栀椀猀 漀昀昀椀挀攀爀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 氀攀琀琀攀爀 攀洀瀀栀愀琀椀挀愀氀氀礀 爀攀椀琀攀爀愀琀攀搀 琀栀攀 猀漀瘀攀爀攀椀最渀琀礀 漀昀 洀漀爀愀氀椀琀礀 椀渀 琀栀攀 愀昀昀愀椀爀猀 漀昀 匀琀愀琀攀 愀猀 洀甀挀栀 愀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀搀甀挀琀 漀昀 椀渀搀椀瘀椀搀甀愀氀 栀甀洀愀渀 戀攀椀渀最猀 愀渀搀 爀攀最愀爀搀攀搀 琀栀攀 洀攀愀渀猀 愀猀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀琀 愀猀 琀栀攀 攀渀搀⸀ 䄀戀猀漀氀甀琀攀 琀爀甀琀栀昀甀氀渀攀猀猀 眀愀猀 愀猀 洀甀挀栀 琀栀攀 搀甀琀礀 漀昀 愀 猀漀瘀攀爀攀椀最渀 愀猀 漀昀 愀渀礀 漀渀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 漀爀搀椀渀愀爀礀 挀椀琀椀稀攀渀猀⸀ 吀眀漀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䜀甀爀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀✀猀 匀椀欀栀猀Ⰰ 䐀愀礀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 愀渀搀 䐀栀愀爀愀洀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀Ⰰ 眀攀爀攀 猀攀渀琀 琀漀 搀攀氀椀瘀攀爀 琀栀攀 㰀椀㸀娀愀昀愀爀渀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀洀愀栀㰀⼀椀㸀 琀漀 䄀甀爀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最稀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀戀Ⰰ 眀栀漀 眀愀猀 琀栀攀渀 挀愀洀瀀椀渀最 椀渀 䄀栀洀愀搀渀愀最愀爀⸀ 䄀挀挀漀爀搀椀渀最 琀漀㰀椀㸀䄀栀欀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀洀ⴀ椀ⴀ✀☀⌀㈀㔀㘀氀愀洀最☀⌀㈀㤀㤀爀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 䔀洀瀀攀爀漀爀 椀洀洀攀搀椀愀琀攀氀礀 猀攀渀琀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 䴀甀栀愀洀洀愀搀 䈀攀最Ⰰ 愀㰀椀㸀最甀爀稀戀愀爀搀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀㰀⼀椀㸀漀爀 洀愀挀攀ⴀ戀攀愀爀攀爀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 匀栀愀椀㰀甀㸀欀栀㰀⼀甀㸀 夀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀 䴀甀栀愀洀洀愀搀Ⰰ 愀㰀椀㸀洀愀渀猀愀戀搀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 愀㰀椀㸀昀愀爀洀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀㰀⼀椀㸀琀漀 䴀甀渀✀椀洀 㰀甀㸀䬀栀㰀⼀甀㸀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀Ⰰ 搀攀瀀甀琀礀 最漀瘀攀爀渀漀爀 漀昀 䰀愀栀漀爀攀Ⰰ 愀猀欀椀渀最 栀椀洀 琀漀 洀愀欀攀 瀀攀愀挀攀 眀椀琀栀 䜀甀爀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀ 䜀漀戀椀渀搀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀⸀ 䠀攀 愀氀猀漀 椀渀瘀椀琀攀搀 琀栀攀 䜀甀爀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀ 昀漀爀 愀 瀀攀爀猀漀渀愀氀 洀攀攀琀椀渀最⸀ 吀栀攀 㰀椀㸀䜀甀爀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀ 欀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀 匀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀欀栀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀㰀⼀椀㸀 挀漀渀昀椀爀洀猀 琀栀攀 椀渀瘀椀琀愀琀椀漀渀 猀攀渀琀 戀礀 䄀甀爀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最稀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀戀 愀渀搀 洀攀渀琀椀漀渀猀 琀眀漀 㰀椀㸀最甀爀稀戀愀爀搀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀猀㰀⼀椀㸀 愀挀挀漀洀瀀愀渀礀椀渀最 䈀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 䐀愀礀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 愀渀搀 䈀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 䐀栀愀爀愀洀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 戀愀挀欀 琀漀 琀栀攀 倀甀渀樀愀戀⸀ 䈀甀琀 戀攀昀漀爀攀 琀栀攀 䜀甀爀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀ 挀漀甀氀搀 猀攀攀 琀栀攀 䔀洀瀀攀爀漀爀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 氀愀琀琀攀爀 搀椀攀搀 漀渀 ㈀　 䘀攀戀爀甀愀爀礀 ㄀㜀　㜀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഀ
</font>਍㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䈀䤀䈀∀㸀ഀഀ
BIBLIOGRAPHY<p class="C1"><ol class="C1"><li class="C1"> Sarkar, Sir Jadunath, <i>A Short History of Aurangzib</i>. Calcutta, 1962<BR>਍㰀氀椀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀 䴀愀樀甀洀搀愀爀Ⰰ 刀⸀ 䌀⸀ Ⰰ 攀搀⸀ Ⰰ 㰀椀㸀吀栀攀 䠀椀猀琀漀爀礀 愀渀搀 䌀甀氀琀甀爀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䤀渀搀椀愀渀 倀攀漀瀀氀攀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 瘀漀氀⸀ 嘀䤀䤀䤀⸀ 䈀漀洀戀愀礀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㜀㐀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
<li class="C1"> Jaffar, S. M. , <i>The Mughal Empire</i>. Delhi, 1974<BR>਍㰀氀椀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀 䜀甀瀀琀愀Ⰰ 䠀愀爀椀 刀愀洀Ⰰ 㰀椀㸀䠀椀猀琀漀爀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 匀椀欀栀猀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 瘀漀氀⸀ 䤀Ⰰ 䐀攀氀栀椀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㜀㌀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
<li class="C1"> Sharma, Sri Ram, <i>Religious Policy of the Mughal Emperors</i>. Bombay, 1962<BR>਍㰀⼀漀氀㸀㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀伀一吀∀㸀匀爀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 刀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀洀 匀栀愀爀洀愀㰀戀爀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
</font>਍㰀椀洀最 猀爀挀㴀∀挀漀甀渀琀攀爀⸀愀猀瀀砀∀ 眀椀搀琀栀㴀∀㄀瀀砀∀ 栀攀椀最栀琀㴀∀㄀瀀砀∀ 愀氀琀㴀∀∀㸀ഀഀ
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